Many Similarities can be drawn to revolution of industries where electric power, machinery and engines shifted work from hand-labour to more effective ways of producing things with machinery. These lead to better products, low priced products, faster production and need for human-labour. IT management as Anderson and Chan (2005) puts it is concerned with understanding and exploring information technology as a resource that will determine both the operational and strategic capabilities of an industry in developing and designing services and products that are able to satisfy a customer satisfactorily. IT managers practise Information Technology Management and are usually accountable and responsible for an ongoing IT program.
When IT is in place, an industry will generate more money faster or cheaper than before. For instance, if a business registers various documents, an Information Technology system could assist the management in registration retrieval of important documents could be done efficiently with comparison to manual finding of the document and searching could be easier. Employees salaries are an expense and IT management is a better way to do things cheaper. Products can be sold through an IT system where most of the work is done by buyers. This helps to minimize the expenses of having to pay sales people and housing, therefore Information Technology will open an opportunity that is interesting for a firm to become more effective (Anderson and Chan (2005). This paper is going to examine Information System Development on Health care Industry (a case study of the implementation of an electronic-medical-record system at St. Judes Memphis Hospital in Tennessee).
Information System Development on Health care Industry
Information Technology is proving to be an important factor in the administration of health care. Most United States health care institutions are espousing information systems to provide a more timely and accurate information in regards to patient care. A medical informatics, Health care informatics or Health informatics is an example of Information System Development on Health care industry it can be defined as the intersection of computer science, information science and health care. It deals with devices, resources and techniques that are required to optimize the retrieval, storage, use and acquisition of information in biomedicine and health (Perreault and Metzger, 2007). Important tools in health informatics include Information and communication systems computers formal medical terminologies and clinical guidelines. It is especially applied to areas of pharmacy, nursing, public health, biomedical research, dentistry and clinical care. The main aspect in this paper will be the architecture for Electronic medical records systems used for scheduling, research and billing.
An electronic medical record system was implemented in St. Jude to ease a centralized patient-information armoury and its key objective was provide a patient medical record that was paperless, and that linked clinical data with research. This system realized the benefits such as improvements in patient service, patient care, clinical research and satisfaction.
Overview
Most institutions of health care as Rogers and Peel (2007) observes, usually rely on paper-based medical records as a main source of demographic and patient medical information. Decisions on medical care are based on information stored on these charts. Information Systems are employed on health care to manage patient care aspects. Inappropriate or delayed treatment of a patient is often due to miscommunication, delayed or lost records or inefficiency of a paper system. Electronic medical records can assist to give improvements that are substantial. This is because they are able to capture, organize and present clinical information that is relevant in a superior-manner to the physical records that are presently in use. Moreover, electronic data records provide accessibility to records of patients at the same time.
In order to accurately access the impacts of treatment in St. Judes Memphis Hospital in Tennessee, patients must be followed from referral to end-of-treatment, and this requires maintenance of complete and accurate documentation of all variances and clinical treatments. This case study looks at implementation of medical record system at St. Judes Memphis Hospital in Tennessee. It will explore the advantages of electronic medical records and how this electronic medical record gives a single-point of access for all workers seeking information on either research data collection or clinical treatment of patients.
Computerised Information System
St. Judes Memphis Hospital as Protti and Peel (2008) assert, installed an information system that is computerized so as to computerize record keeping processes that are required for patient care. The information system consisted of 2 separate systems. One system managed patient registration and scheduling. Information collected was conveyed to a separate system that gave test-resulting and record-keeping capabilities for the diagnostic imaging departments, clinical laboratory and pharmacy. Printouts of all test-results were placed in the paper-medical record despite the fact that this record system was used to order, review and enter clinical test-results.
An Electronic Chart Patient-Health Information System
Health information management personnel, medical residents, hospital unit coordinators, physicians, data managers and nurses needed to have an access on the medical record information. Normally, a day before a patients schedule return, charts were pulled from HIMS (Health Information Management Services) and conveyed to the outpatient clinic where the patient would be attended to and then returned to HIMS to be re-filled (Milli-our system, 2006). As Milli-our system (2006) assert, data managers who collected information to be used for research studies and clinical protocol, retrieved medical-charts from HIMS and extracted data manually during an enrolment of a patient on a protocol. The medical record followed the patient throughout the visit. For instance, if a patient was in a clinic that wrote hisher orders, the records were to be transported as the patient move to medicine room for treatment. Inpatient charts were stored appropriately until the patient was discharged. Despite record-keeping system being available to re-examine test-results, this system provided little information, that is, important information such as dietary notes, physician notes and transfusion records could not be accessed through a computerized system. Therefore, it was necessary for the patients medical chart to be accessed in addition to those computerized records.
Medical Record Information
Information that was supplemented to a patients medical record was checked regularly to monitor a patients progress and determine adherence to standards of a protocol. The charts were used by the physicians to check the physicians notes so as to give their patients the best care. For example, notes that illustrated an adverse reaction to a particular medication could be used to minimize that medication to be prescribed in future. Nurses re-examined their patients charts to follow-up unfilled orders and see if the patient had progressed through the day. Psychology and data personnel staff used charts to determine whether specific medications prescribed could have an impact on the behaviour patterns or eating habits of a patient (Broverman and Anderson (2008).
Electronic Medical Records
The first endeavour to computerize medical records assisted in the management of records despite it being more than a mechanism of storage for little information. To that effect, the development of an electronic medical record system was undertaken by St. Judes Memphis Hospital. This implementation gave the possibility of records to be stored, processed, retrieved, cross-referenced and created more efficiently. The St. Judes Memphis Hospital electronic records included all information that was kept in the paper based medical record. Caregivers were given an appropriate security-clearance to access electronic medical records of a patient from any computer in the hospital. This helped to minimize one from having to locate a chart of a patient so as to get the necessary information for treatment.
Nevertheless, one can easily group or sort information according to certain measures such as the date the test was performed. The electronic medical record system permits the user to plot a set of results on a graph. For example, patients level of blood glucose can be plotted over time. This allows the caregiver to determine important trends for proper patients care. The electronic medical record does not only provide functions that permit better patient care, but it also a central-location where patients information can be stored. Various components of the electronic medical system facilitate these functions.
Electronic Record Components
The electronic medical record system has the OCF (the Open Clinical Foundation) as the armoury at the centre of a new electrical medical record. It (OCF) is an oracle database that stores administrative and clinical information. This database functions as a data-warehouse and is able to group information basing on a specific patient parameter, thus reducing the need for data managers who usually collect information manually (Chan and Centiu (2007).
At the clinical workstation, caregivers can access a PowerChart that is composed of two parts the Chart and the Organizer. The organizer permits the user to show the test results they have checked as well as quickly examine new patient-test results after logging into the system. The Chart is simply the electronic-form of the patient medical record. Through this interface, one can re-examine physical results from the clinical lab, patients demographics, physicians notes and nurses notes. Features that are available in Chart such as growth chart, problem list and visit list permits caregivers to track the medical progress. Gathering of patient information is made more efficient by this electronic medical record because it automatically groups similar data.
Importance of the Electronic Medical Record
The importance of electronic medical record system as Perreault and Metzger (2007) examine includes improved communications and information that is more accessible. Information that is more accessible. All patient demographic and clinical laboratory information is a part of the electronic medical record and can be scrutinized at any computer terminal in the hospital as long as the employee has security clearance. Retrieval of data is more efficient and accurate due to protocol information and automated clinical documentation being linked (electronically) to clinical data reports.
Information systems that deliver and collect information more efficiently are the forerunners to more sophisticated systems. Eventually, electronic medical records systems will deliver the information that is correct they will actively assist in the patients treatment through the use of that information. The electronic medical records system will operate as a subordinate to the healthcare-provider, in addition to its role as a storage-device for patient information (Broverman and Anderson J (2008). Communication between departments in a healthcare organization can also be improved when all healthcare providers have access to the same information (Barsukiewicz and Centiu (2006). Fundamentally, the quality of patient care depends on the collection of detailed clinical information and the timely delivery of that information to the appropriate healthcare provider (Chan and Centiu (2007). Clinical decision support systems can improve patient care, reduce costs, support clinical diagnosis and treatment-plan processes, manage patients on research and chemotherapy protocols, monitor the need for follow-up care, and manage administrative details (Perreault and Metzger, 2007).
Essentially, According to Anderson and Chan (2005), electronic medical record as provides a link between clinical treatment and adherence to research protocols. The benefits realized by the implementation of an electronic medical record include increased efficiency in managing clinical information and improved quality of care and cost savings through decision support and management of patient care. In addition, orders placed through the use of an information system are legible, free of transcription errors and can be directly routed to all departments that need access to the order (Perreault and Metzger, 2007)
Risks involved while selecting this package is the fact that very few clinical products had been written to this particular platform. In an effort to control the final product design, St. Judes Memphis hospital entered into a developmental-partnership with Cerner. This agreement certified that the criterion that was defined would be integrated into any new software that is developed by Cerner (Anderson, 2008).
Issues to put in consideration when designing an electronic medical record
St. Judes Memphis hospital had previously installed an information system in order to manage some features of patient care its mission was not to offer a replacement for the paper medical record. Most organizations have determined that information systems greatly provide better time-management for the employee, reduce errors and increase consumer satisfaction. Similarly, information systems can get better an employees performance as well as improve patient satisfaction. An electronic medical system was implemented in an effort to getter-better patient satisfaction and care. During the implementation of this system St. Judes Memphis hospital discovered a number of imperative issues that ought to be considered before designing an electronic medical system, and they include
Objectives should be determined to facilitate institutional objectives, one of its goals was to implement an advanced clinical information system with its mission being to accelerate clinical research, give an immediate access to clinical information and facilitate patient care (Chan and Centiu, 2007). This lead to a significant improvement in areas like access to both research and clinical data patient care clinical research and patient satisfaction and service (Milli-our system, 2006).
Decide who should assess the system A committee was selected that consisted of a representative from each hospital-department including clinical lab personnel, physicians, pharmacists and nurses (Anderson, 2008). Moreover, process improvement panels that consisted of an application analyst, process-improvement professionals, and departmental subject matter consultants were formed (Milli-our system, 2006).
Determine which software to design Various software packages in the hospital were reviewed. The desired criterion was met by three packages. Final selection was based on the business terms of agreement, clinical-functionality of the software package, the follow-up support provided by the vendor and the product strategy (Chan and Centiu, 2007). The hospital had already implemented an Oracle database that kept research data and this helped to eliminate redundancy. In addition, data from the research-database could be transmitted easily to the new system.
Determine the Merits and Risks of the New System the risks involved included the reality that this platform had fewer clinical products that had been written. The final product was influenced by the development partnership between Cerner and St. Judes Memphis hospital (Perreault and Metzger, 2007).
Computers are able to do most of the work that individuals are hired to do. Information technology aspects such as Information System Development on Health care Industry, opens opportunities that are interesting for a business to become more effective. Electronic medical records usually provide healthcare-employees with an option of recuperating patient care, that is, the record information is legible and accurate and cannot be misplaced. The paperless medical record was implemented in this hospital in order to improve patients care. Relating research protocol information with clinical treatment strategies provides information that is invaluable while assessing the effectiveness of a specific treatment policy.
Nonetheless, if data is collected in a manner that is efficient as provided by electronic record system, research efforts can be facilitated. Human error is minimized with comparison to a manual data collection. The system that was implemented by St. Judes Memphis hospital satisfied the current needs of the organization, supported clinical treatment strategies, maintained and organized all the information that was necessary to support research and clinical efforts. Healthcare providers were guided in their daily treatment of patients. Therefore, the new system improved patient care and advanced treatment for future patients thus busting Information System Development on Health care Industry, which is an important aspect in IT management.
When IT is in place, an industry will generate more money faster or cheaper than before. For instance, if a business registers various documents, an Information Technology system could assist the management in registration retrieval of important documents could be done efficiently with comparison to manual finding of the document and searching could be easier. Employees salaries are an expense and IT management is a better way to do things cheaper. Products can be sold through an IT system where most of the work is done by buyers. This helps to minimize the expenses of having to pay sales people and housing, therefore Information Technology will open an opportunity that is interesting for a firm to become more effective (Anderson and Chan (2005). This paper is going to examine Information System Development on Health care Industry (a case study of the implementation of an electronic-medical-record system at St. Judes Memphis Hospital in Tennessee).
Information System Development on Health care Industry
Information Technology is proving to be an important factor in the administration of health care. Most United States health care institutions are espousing information systems to provide a more timely and accurate information in regards to patient care. A medical informatics, Health care informatics or Health informatics is an example of Information System Development on Health care industry it can be defined as the intersection of computer science, information science and health care. It deals with devices, resources and techniques that are required to optimize the retrieval, storage, use and acquisition of information in biomedicine and health (Perreault and Metzger, 2007). Important tools in health informatics include Information and communication systems computers formal medical terminologies and clinical guidelines. It is especially applied to areas of pharmacy, nursing, public health, biomedical research, dentistry and clinical care. The main aspect in this paper will be the architecture for Electronic medical records systems used for scheduling, research and billing.
An electronic medical record system was implemented in St. Jude to ease a centralized patient-information armoury and its key objective was provide a patient medical record that was paperless, and that linked clinical data with research. This system realized the benefits such as improvements in patient service, patient care, clinical research and satisfaction.
Overview
Most institutions of health care as Rogers and Peel (2007) observes, usually rely on paper-based medical records as a main source of demographic and patient medical information. Decisions on medical care are based on information stored on these charts. Information Systems are employed on health care to manage patient care aspects. Inappropriate or delayed treatment of a patient is often due to miscommunication, delayed or lost records or inefficiency of a paper system. Electronic medical records can assist to give improvements that are substantial. This is because they are able to capture, organize and present clinical information that is relevant in a superior-manner to the physical records that are presently in use. Moreover, electronic data records provide accessibility to records of patients at the same time.
In order to accurately access the impacts of treatment in St. Judes Memphis Hospital in Tennessee, patients must be followed from referral to end-of-treatment, and this requires maintenance of complete and accurate documentation of all variances and clinical treatments. This case study looks at implementation of medical record system at St. Judes Memphis Hospital in Tennessee. It will explore the advantages of electronic medical records and how this electronic medical record gives a single-point of access for all workers seeking information on either research data collection or clinical treatment of patients.
Computerised Information System
St. Judes Memphis Hospital as Protti and Peel (2008) assert, installed an information system that is computerized so as to computerize record keeping processes that are required for patient care. The information system consisted of 2 separate systems. One system managed patient registration and scheduling. Information collected was conveyed to a separate system that gave test-resulting and record-keeping capabilities for the diagnostic imaging departments, clinical laboratory and pharmacy. Printouts of all test-results were placed in the paper-medical record despite the fact that this record system was used to order, review and enter clinical test-results.
An Electronic Chart Patient-Health Information System
Health information management personnel, medical residents, hospital unit coordinators, physicians, data managers and nurses needed to have an access on the medical record information. Normally, a day before a patients schedule return, charts were pulled from HIMS (Health Information Management Services) and conveyed to the outpatient clinic where the patient would be attended to and then returned to HIMS to be re-filled (Milli-our system, 2006). As Milli-our system (2006) assert, data managers who collected information to be used for research studies and clinical protocol, retrieved medical-charts from HIMS and extracted data manually during an enrolment of a patient on a protocol. The medical record followed the patient throughout the visit. For instance, if a patient was in a clinic that wrote hisher orders, the records were to be transported as the patient move to medicine room for treatment. Inpatient charts were stored appropriately until the patient was discharged. Despite record-keeping system being available to re-examine test-results, this system provided little information, that is, important information such as dietary notes, physician notes and transfusion records could not be accessed through a computerized system. Therefore, it was necessary for the patients medical chart to be accessed in addition to those computerized records.
Medical Record Information
Information that was supplemented to a patients medical record was checked regularly to monitor a patients progress and determine adherence to standards of a protocol. The charts were used by the physicians to check the physicians notes so as to give their patients the best care. For example, notes that illustrated an adverse reaction to a particular medication could be used to minimize that medication to be prescribed in future. Nurses re-examined their patients charts to follow-up unfilled orders and see if the patient had progressed through the day. Psychology and data personnel staff used charts to determine whether specific medications prescribed could have an impact on the behaviour patterns or eating habits of a patient (Broverman and Anderson (2008).
Electronic Medical Records
The first endeavour to computerize medical records assisted in the management of records despite it being more than a mechanism of storage for little information. To that effect, the development of an electronic medical record system was undertaken by St. Judes Memphis Hospital. This implementation gave the possibility of records to be stored, processed, retrieved, cross-referenced and created more efficiently. The St. Judes Memphis Hospital electronic records included all information that was kept in the paper based medical record. Caregivers were given an appropriate security-clearance to access electronic medical records of a patient from any computer in the hospital. This helped to minimize one from having to locate a chart of a patient so as to get the necessary information for treatment.
Nevertheless, one can easily group or sort information according to certain measures such as the date the test was performed. The electronic medical record system permits the user to plot a set of results on a graph. For example, patients level of blood glucose can be plotted over time. This allows the caregiver to determine important trends for proper patients care. The electronic medical record does not only provide functions that permit better patient care, but it also a central-location where patients information can be stored. Various components of the electronic medical system facilitate these functions.
Electronic Record Components
The electronic medical record system has the OCF (the Open Clinical Foundation) as the armoury at the centre of a new electrical medical record. It (OCF) is an oracle database that stores administrative and clinical information. This database functions as a data-warehouse and is able to group information basing on a specific patient parameter, thus reducing the need for data managers who usually collect information manually (Chan and Centiu (2007).
At the clinical workstation, caregivers can access a PowerChart that is composed of two parts the Chart and the Organizer. The organizer permits the user to show the test results they have checked as well as quickly examine new patient-test results after logging into the system. The Chart is simply the electronic-form of the patient medical record. Through this interface, one can re-examine physical results from the clinical lab, patients demographics, physicians notes and nurses notes. Features that are available in Chart such as growth chart, problem list and visit list permits caregivers to track the medical progress. Gathering of patient information is made more efficient by this electronic medical record because it automatically groups similar data.
Importance of the Electronic Medical Record
The importance of electronic medical record system as Perreault and Metzger (2007) examine includes improved communications and information that is more accessible. Information that is more accessible. All patient demographic and clinical laboratory information is a part of the electronic medical record and can be scrutinized at any computer terminal in the hospital as long as the employee has security clearance. Retrieval of data is more efficient and accurate due to protocol information and automated clinical documentation being linked (electronically) to clinical data reports.
Information systems that deliver and collect information more efficiently are the forerunners to more sophisticated systems. Eventually, electronic medical records systems will deliver the information that is correct they will actively assist in the patients treatment through the use of that information. The electronic medical records system will operate as a subordinate to the healthcare-provider, in addition to its role as a storage-device for patient information (Broverman and Anderson J (2008). Communication between departments in a healthcare organization can also be improved when all healthcare providers have access to the same information (Barsukiewicz and Centiu (2006). Fundamentally, the quality of patient care depends on the collection of detailed clinical information and the timely delivery of that information to the appropriate healthcare provider (Chan and Centiu (2007). Clinical decision support systems can improve patient care, reduce costs, support clinical diagnosis and treatment-plan processes, manage patients on research and chemotherapy protocols, monitor the need for follow-up care, and manage administrative details (Perreault and Metzger, 2007).
Essentially, According to Anderson and Chan (2005), electronic medical record as provides a link between clinical treatment and adherence to research protocols. The benefits realized by the implementation of an electronic medical record include increased efficiency in managing clinical information and improved quality of care and cost savings through decision support and management of patient care. In addition, orders placed through the use of an information system are legible, free of transcription errors and can be directly routed to all departments that need access to the order (Perreault and Metzger, 2007)
Risks involved while selecting this package is the fact that very few clinical products had been written to this particular platform. In an effort to control the final product design, St. Judes Memphis hospital entered into a developmental-partnership with Cerner. This agreement certified that the criterion that was defined would be integrated into any new software that is developed by Cerner (Anderson, 2008).
Issues to put in consideration when designing an electronic medical record
St. Judes Memphis hospital had previously installed an information system in order to manage some features of patient care its mission was not to offer a replacement for the paper medical record. Most organizations have determined that information systems greatly provide better time-management for the employee, reduce errors and increase consumer satisfaction. Similarly, information systems can get better an employees performance as well as improve patient satisfaction. An electronic medical system was implemented in an effort to getter-better patient satisfaction and care. During the implementation of this system St. Judes Memphis hospital discovered a number of imperative issues that ought to be considered before designing an electronic medical system, and they include
Objectives should be determined to facilitate institutional objectives, one of its goals was to implement an advanced clinical information system with its mission being to accelerate clinical research, give an immediate access to clinical information and facilitate patient care (Chan and Centiu, 2007). This lead to a significant improvement in areas like access to both research and clinical data patient care clinical research and patient satisfaction and service (Milli-our system, 2006).
Decide who should assess the system A committee was selected that consisted of a representative from each hospital-department including clinical lab personnel, physicians, pharmacists and nurses (Anderson, 2008). Moreover, process improvement panels that consisted of an application analyst, process-improvement professionals, and departmental subject matter consultants were formed (Milli-our system, 2006).
Determine which software to design Various software packages in the hospital were reviewed. The desired criterion was met by three packages. Final selection was based on the business terms of agreement, clinical-functionality of the software package, the follow-up support provided by the vendor and the product strategy (Chan and Centiu, 2007). The hospital had already implemented an Oracle database that kept research data and this helped to eliminate redundancy. In addition, data from the research-database could be transmitted easily to the new system.
Determine the Merits and Risks of the New System the risks involved included the reality that this platform had fewer clinical products that had been written. The final product was influenced by the development partnership between Cerner and St. Judes Memphis hospital (Perreault and Metzger, 2007).
Computers are able to do most of the work that individuals are hired to do. Information technology aspects such as Information System Development on Health care Industry, opens opportunities that are interesting for a business to become more effective. Electronic medical records usually provide healthcare-employees with an option of recuperating patient care, that is, the record information is legible and accurate and cannot be misplaced. The paperless medical record was implemented in this hospital in order to improve patients care. Relating research protocol information with clinical treatment strategies provides information that is invaluable while assessing the effectiveness of a specific treatment policy.
Nonetheless, if data is collected in a manner that is efficient as provided by electronic record system, research efforts can be facilitated. Human error is minimized with comparison to a manual data collection. The system that was implemented by St. Judes Memphis hospital satisfied the current needs of the organization, supported clinical treatment strategies, maintained and organized all the information that was necessary to support research and clinical efforts. Healthcare providers were guided in their daily treatment of patients. Therefore, the new system improved patient care and advanced treatment for future patients thus busting Information System Development on Health care Industry, which is an important aspect in IT management.
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